Prevención del Carcinoma Hepatocelular: Recomendaciones internacionales, una revisión basada en la evidencia.
Palabras clave:
Prevención primaria, Prevención secundaria, Prevención terciaria, Carcinoma hepatocelularResumen
Introducción: El carcinoma hepatocelular representa un importante desafío de salud a nivel mundial y en Chile. A pesar de una disminución en la letalidad, otros indicadores como la mortalidad, incidencia y tasa de egresos continúan en aumento en el país. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica de las intervenciones internacionales en los diferentes niveles de prevención para carcinoma hepatocelular, con el propósito visualizar estrategias de prevención en Chile frente a la ausencia de una guía nacional que las sintetice. Resultado y Discusión: La prevención primaria se enfoca en evitar la cirrosis hepática, principal factor de riesgo para el carcinoma hepatocelular y la esteatosis hepática no alcohólica. Se destaca la importancia de educar a la población sobre consumo de alcohol, dieta, ejercicio e infecciones por virus de la hepatitis B y C. Se recomienda el uso de encuestas como el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test y legislación para reducir el consumo de alcohol. Se resalta la importancia de la vigilancia poblacional y la identificación de poblaciones de riesgo. La pesquisa temprana es crucial, el tamizaje se realiza con ecografía abdominal y el uso de alfafetoproteína es controversial. Se recomienda el uso de tomografía computarizada o resonancia magnética para el diagnóstico. El tratamiento depende del estadío, función hepática y comorbilidades del paciente. Las opciones incluyen resección, trasplante, ablación y terapias sistémicas. Conclusión: Esta revisión subraya la importancia de la educación, el tamizaje y el acceso a tratamientos adecuados para combatir el carcinoma hepatocelular y reducir su impacto en la salud pública.
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